The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell 

The Life Story of the Victim of Germany's Most Barbarous Crime.

By William Thomson Hill.


Nurse Cavell's
Last Message To The World

"But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity, I realise that 
patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone."



Chapter I

Childhood

In the early seventies there were living at the country rectory of Swardeston, near 
Norwich, a clergyman and his wife and little family. There was a "New" and an "Old" 
Rectory. Both are still standing, much as they were then, except that the trees are 
older, and the "New" Rectory has long ago lost any signs of newness. It is one of the 
ways of Old England to call some of its most ancient things New, as if it could never 
learn to tolerate change kindly, even after centuries of wont.

There is a Newtimber Place in Sussex whose walls were built before the Armada. 
There is a New Building in Peterborough Cathedral which was completed before the 
Reformation. New Shoreham took the place of Old Shoreham before Magna Charta 
was signed.

The Rector, the Rev. Frederick Cavell, lived with his family at the New Rectory. It is a 
pleasant sunny house with a large garden. Such parsonages are common in all the 
unspoiled rural parts of England. A little gate leads to the churchyard close by.

In a great city no man would live willingly close by a cemetery. In such a village as 
Swardeston the nearness of the graveyard is a consecration. New graves appear 
among the old ones from time to time. The oldest of these others have faded gently 
into the grass. Nobody is left to tend them or to remember whose bones they cover. 
Yet the history of many a family can be traced back for three centuries on the lichen-
covered stones.

Some day, when the war is over, another grave may be dug in this quiet spot. If the 
poor mutilated frame of Edith Cavell is ever permitted to be brought back home, her 
countrymen will come here to look upon the place where she lies. In this October of 
1915 she sleeps in a land ravaged by war, and those who killed her will not stoop 
even to the tardy pity of giving back her body.

But in those early seventies the village churchyard was not a place of sadness to the 
Rectory children. They played hide-and-seek among the sloping tombstones. The 
church and churchyard were, as they still are, the centre of the village life. Gay 
doings, such as a wedding, took place under the shadows of the elms and yews.

The whole community assembled there on any day of special interest. The churchyard 
was the Trafalgar Square of Swardeston. For it was not remote from the houses, as 
many village churchyards are. Norfolk labourers swung their heels on the wall in the 
long evenings of the days before village institutes and reading rooms were invented.

In these early seventies the village talk still harked back sometimes to the War of the 
French and Prussians. Its politics dealt with such names as "Dizzy" and Gladstone 
and Joseph Arch, the agricultural reformer and, what was more to the point, a 
Norfolk man. In later years the village church saw the celebrations of Queen Victoria's 
two Jubilees and King Edward's Coronation "a Norfolk landlord, and a rare good 
'un," as they liked to say in Swardeston.



Chapter II

Life In The Rectory

Home life in the Rectory was tinged, as was that of most English homes at the time, 
with Evangelical strictness. On Sunday all books, needlework, and toys were put 
away. The day began with the learning of collect or Catechism. As soon as the 
children were big enough they attended services in the morning and afternoon.

Evening services were not yet introduced in Swardeston. Light was not cheap, and the 
way across the country fields to church was no adventure for Sabbath clothes on dark 
winter nights. Thus the closing hours on Sunday were home hours for Rectory and 
village. Let those who have no memories of such times scoff if they think fit. A 
memory is better than a jest.

Edith Cavell's father was Rector of this parish for more than fifty years. He is dead 
now, but the villagers remember him well. His portrait shows him with a mouth and 
chin of unusual firmness. His eyes are kindly, but there is little sense of humour about 
them. It is notably the face of an upright man. Surely capable of sternness, he would 
be just to the point of inexorableness unless his face belies him. A sense of duty is 
implicit in every line; and we have the best of reasons for knowing that he transmitted 
this part of his character to his daughter Edith.

"The clever Miss Cavell" she was called in later years when she worked at a London 
hospital; but a more dominant characteristic was a rigid insistence upon what she 
deemed to be right. This was the constant theme of the father's sermons to his village 
flock. He would not hesitate to reproach from the pulpit any member of the 
congregation, whatever his station, whom he considered guilty of grave fault.

The mother (who is now eighty years old, and lives very quietly at Norwich) brought a 
gentler influence to bear upon the Rectory life. There is a picture of her with two of her 
little girls. The mother wears the wide flounces which to-day are among the earliest 
memories of the "Men of Forty." Flounces that were a protection and a promise. 
Something for little hands to cling to when the legs were not yet sure of their way. 
These flounces made a royal road from earth to the children's heaven. The grown-up 
world far out of reach was always within call of a pull at the ample skirts.

Mrs. Cavell was a happy mother, and her children were happy too. So early as the 
days we are speaking of her eyes had something wistful in them. It was almost as if 
some inner consciousness had told her then of the distant, poignant future.

So the family grew up in a contented, well-ordered home, with plenty of outdoor 
games and sunshine, such as country children have. Long afterwards, in the midst of 
London slums, Edith Cavell would talk of the ripening blackberries far away in the 
Norfolk lanes, and of the great jam-making times which followed.



Chapter III

Work in London

Like Charlotte Bronte, another vicar's daughter, Edith Cavell first learned something of 
the wider world in a Brussels school. It was commoner then than nowmeaning by 
"now" before the war for English girls to be sent to Belgium to school. Charlotte 
Bronte's Brussels life has left us at least one imperishable book. Edith Cavell has left 
no written memorials of those times; but if we would reconstruct her life we may 
imagine some such background as that of "Villette": the strangeness of a foreign city, 
fascinating by its novelty yet repelling by alien atmosphere.

The lot of a school-girl is not too happy at the best among new companions. When 
their language and ways are those of a foreign country they can become a source of 
torture to a sensitive child. Some of these school-girl irritations Edith Cavell had to 
bear; yet such early annoyances evidently left little mark on her, for she returned 
many years later to Brussels of her own free will, and conquered the affections of the 
Belgians a second time.

Edith Cavell's early womanhood was spent in Londonat the London Hospital, the St. 
Pancras Infirmary, and the Shoreditch Infirmary in Hoxton. Her training was obtained 
at the London Hospital, the great institution in the Whitechapel Road which is now 
nursing many wounded soldiers. The women who train in this hospital pass through a 
hard school. All hospital nurses work hard, but the nurses who come from "The 
London" think they know more of the strain of their calling than any others.

"The London" proposes to raise a memorial to Nurse Cavell. It is their right and hers 
that this should be done. For "The London" gave her the thorough training which 
enabled her to become the skilful teacher of others, and to instruct the nurses who 
should succour with equal care the wounded of all nations.

At the end of her arduous training at the London Hospital in 1896, Miss Cavell went to 
St. Pancras Infirmary as Night Superintendent. She stayed there for a little more than 
three years. Then she became Assistant Matron at the Shoreditch Infirmary in Hoxton. 
She left Hoxton in 1906 to start the work in Brussels which ended only with her cruel 
death.

Including the training years at the London Hospital, Edith Cavell had given twenty-two 
years to nursing the sick. She was twenty-one years old when she began this work. 
She was forty-three when she met her death. Thus she had given up the best years of 
a woman's life without a break, save for the occasional precious holidays, of which we 
shall say a word presently.

The work in London was one of unvarying routine in the most dismal surroundings. 
Nothing but a real devotion to the task could have made the monotony tolerable.

The writer asked one of those who worked with her for part of this time what was the 
reason that decided Edith Cavell to become a nurse. "She felt it was her vocation," 
was the simple answer; "isn't that enough?" The vocation, in these great London 
infirmaries, consisted in preserving a cheerful face day in and day out; in ruling, with 
kindness but also with firmness and an unfaltering tact, old men and women, children 
from the poorest slums; in being constantly in contact with pain and suffering and in 
the near presence of death. Those who remember her work in Londonand they are 
very manyspeak of her unselfishness and of a shy pride about the details of her 
labours.

What she did for her patients she liked to be a secret between herself and them.
She would follow up the cases to their homes. The Matron and her fellow-nurses 
guessed some of these acts of weekday holiness; but Nurse Cavell never spoke of 
them. She went about doing good among the neat beds of the wards and in the 
unlovely surroundings of the neighbouring streets, doubtless thinking sometimes of 
the Norfolk village where the sun was shining beyond the fog, yet never letting the 
patients see that she had any thoughts except for them.

But with this sympathy went a rare strength of mind. Her name "Clever Miss Cavell" 
was not used in envy. It was a simple recognition of the fact that she had what is 
called a capable brain. She always knew what to do in a difficult situation. A fellow-
nurse in trouble was always advised to consult Miss Cavell.



Chapter IV

Uphill Work In Brussels

Edith Cavell needed all her strength of character in her first years in Brussels. When 
she went there nine years ago as Matron of a Surgical and Medical Home, English 
nursing methods were not appreciated on the Continent as they are now. Nursing was 
regarded as one of the functions of the Church. Miss Cavell was a Protestant as well 
as a foreigner. She was felt to be a rival of the nuns and sisters working under 
religious vows.

The authorities of the Catholic Church looked coldly upon an enterprise which, from 
their point of view, had an aspect of irreligion and freethinking. But it was not long 
before the Matron's efficiency and tact carried the day. A well-known priest trusted 
himself to the English lady. His tribute to her devotion and skill brought public opinion 
to her side. In 1909 she established a training home for nurses. The authorities 
recognised and encouraged her; and shortly before the outbreak of war she was 
provided with a modern and well-equipped building.

The first warning of the war came when she was spending a holiday at home with her 
mother at Norwich. During these years in Brussels two holidays a year had been spent 
in England. They were happy halting places in a rough journey. What made them so 
pleasant to Edith Cavell was that she could spend them with her mother.

The love of the younger woman for the old was one of the most beautiful aspects of 
her character. "People may look upon me as a lonely old maid," she said once to a 
friend; "but with a mother like mine to look after, and, in addition, my work in the world 
which I love, I am such a happy old maid that everyone would feel envious of me if 
they only knew."

That was her secrether love for her mother and her work. It was that which enabled 
her to look upon the world as a beautiful garden, where there was always something 
to do for sickly plants. The real flowers, and the care of them which could only be 
given in English holidays, were almost a passion to her from the earliest Rectory days.

Her success as a nurse, both in Brussels and the slums of London, owed three-parts 
of its efficacy to her overflowing sympathy. "It was her gentle way," said an old patient, 
"that did most to make me well again; I felt she was a minister of God working for my 
good." And there are wounded British soldiers who have pressed the doctors to send 
them back quickly to the firing line. "We will go back willingly," they say, "to avenge 
this great woman's death." 

Every holiday in England was spent with the aged mother, who looked forward to 
these meetings as much as the daughter. Without warning, the war broke into the last 
of these holidays in the full summer of 1914. Edith Cavell made her mind up promptly. 
Her holiday was not yet over, but she hurried back at once. "My duty is out there," she 
said; "I shall be wanted."



Chapter V

The Coming of the Germans

We reach now the last year of Edith Cavell's life, for which all the others had been a 
preparation. When she arrived in Brussels, the Germans were shelling Lige. The 
gallant little Belgium Army stood drawn up across the path of the invaders. It was 
believed that the French and British would soon arrive to drive the Germans back. The 
Belgian Government was still in Brussels. Cheery Burgomaster Max kept order with 
his Civic Guard. In the autumn of 1915 we are all wiser.

Miss Cavell has herself described, in an article sent home to the Nursing Mirror, how 
the bitter truth came home to Brussels: 

Brussels lay that evening [August 20th] breathless with anxiety. News came that the 
Belgians, worn out and weary, were unable to hold back the oncoming host who might 
be with us that night. Still we clung to the hope that the English Army was between us 
and the unseen peril. . . .

In the evening came the news that the enemy were at the gates. At midnight bugles 
were blowing, summoning the Civic Guard to lay down their arms and leave the city. 
Many people were up through the dark hours, and all doors and windows were tightly 
shut. As we went to bed our only consolation was that in God's good time right and 
justice must prevail.

The sympathies of Nurse Cavell were all with the Belgians and their Allies. How could 
it be otherwise? Yet, when the Germans came she spoke with sympathy of the tired 
and footsore men in the enemy's host: 

On August 21st [she wrote] many more troops came through; from our road we could 
see the long procession, and when the halt was called at midday and carts came up 
with supplies some were too weary to eat, and slept on the pavement of the street.

We were divided between pity for these poor fellows far from their country and their 
people, suffering the weariness and fatigue of an arduous campaign, and hate of a 
cruel and vindictive foe bringing ruin and desolation on hundreds of happy homes and 
to a prosperous and peaceful land.

Some of the Belgians spoke to the invaders in German, and found they were very 
vague as to their whereabouts' and imagined they were already in Paris; they were 
surprised to be speaking to Belgians, and could not understand what quarrel they had 
with them.

I saw several of the men pick up little children and give them chocolate or seat them 
on their horses, and some had tears in their eyes at the recollection of the little ones 
at home.

From that date till now we have been cut off from the world. . . .

The German nurses training under Miss Cavell had already leftconducted to the 
frontier by her to save them the anxiety of being in an enemy capital. At this time the 
German soldiers were ruthlessly slaughtering Belgian women and children. The new 
authorities approved of her continuing her work: no longer, since the outbreak of war, 
a training institution, but a Red Cross Hospital. It is admitted even by her enemies that 
she threw herself ardently into her work without respect of nationality. Wounded 
Belgians and Germans were treated alike. Many German officers passed through her 
hands.

There is now in hospital in England a wounded Belgian who knew Miss Cavell in 
Brussels in those first days of the German occupation, and who speaks of the 
universal affection in which she was held.



Chapter VI

Weaving the Net

The full story of the next few months of Edith Cavell's life cannot be told until after the 
war is over. Brussels, as she had written, became cut off from the world. The 
hospitable old city became a nest of spies. "Newspapers were first stopped, then 
suppressed, and are now printed under German auspices. The few trains that run for 
passengers are in German hands, and wherever you go you must have, and pay for, a 
passport. No one speaks to his neighbour in the tram, for he may be a spy. Besides, 
what news is there to tell, and who has the heart to gossip, and what fashions are 
there to speak of, and who ever goes to a concert or a theatre nowadays, and who 
would care to tell of their all-absorbing anxiety as to how to make ends meet and spin 
out the last of the savings, or to keep the little mouths at home filled, with the stranger 
close by?"

The frank, open nature of Edith Cavell was ill-fitted for such an atmosphere of fear 
and deception. Everyone was "suspect," as in the days of the Paris Terror in 1793. It 
was enough, as then, to fall under "suspicion of being suspect." Edith Cavell was 
suspected, and cunning men sought how they might weave a net of accusation 
around her.

Nurse Cavell was an Englishwoman. That, was the beginning of her offence. I am not 
here to say she did no wrong. The full significance of her own brave admissions 
cannot yet be revealed. Her crime was the crime of humanity. The beginning of her 
offence, to the suspicious German mind, was that she was English and was popular. 
Everyone spoke of her untiring kindness and unfailing courage. It was enough. She 
must be dangerous, or all the world would not speak well of her. Nobody spoke well of 
the German governors of Brussels.

There is reason to believe that Miss Cavell came in contact, once at least, with the 
terrible Baron Von Bissing, the Governor-General. He formed a strong opinion of her 
capacity and dauntless courage. The same head that contrived her secret trial and 
execution, directed, there is little reason to doubt, the weaving of the web that 
ensnared her. The cleverest spies in Von Bissing's service were set to watch her. 
They found out that she had given a greatcoat to a French soldier who afterwards 
escaped across the Dutch frontier. On another occasion she had given an exhausted 
Englishman a glass of water. Then the spies said, what was likely enough, that she 
had given money to Belgians, and that this had enabled them to escape.

In every part of the world these would be simple acts of humanity  for the suspicious 
Von Bissing they were crimes. "This must be stopped," he ordered.



Chapter VII

Arrest and Silence

Early in the evening of the 5th of August, a loud knock came to the door of Nurse 
Cavell's hospital in the Rue de la Culture. Five heavily-footed German soldiers and a 
corporal stood outside with a police officer. At that very moment the nurse was 
changing the bandages of a wounded German. The soldiers broke open the door with 
the butt-ends of their rifles, and rushed into the ward.

At a sign from the police officerone of the creatures Von Bissing had set to watch 
the nurse's movementsthe corporal seized Miss Cavell roughly. He tore out of her 
hand the lint with which she was about to bind the wounded man, and began to drag 
her away.

The Englishwoman, astonished but calm and dignified, asked for an explanation. The 
answer was a cuff. Von Bissing had not given instructions for any explanation. Nurse 
Cavell left her hospital for the last time, and was marched through the dark streets to 
the military prison of St. Gilles.

Three weeks of silence followed. Miss Cavell's friends in England knew nothing of her 
arrest. It was only by the good offices of a chance traveller from Belgium that the 
news reached the family near the end of August. At the request of the British Foreign 
Office, Dr. Page, American Ambassador in London, telegraphed for information to the 
American Minister in Brussels, Mr. Brand Whitlock.

The gaolers of Edith Cavell had used the interval well. It was decided, even before her 
arrest, that she was to be executed. But, first of all, seeing that the Louvain methods 
were grown obsolete, it was necessary to concoct a "case" against her. The spies had 
not done their work well enough. The greatcoat and the glass of water and the silver 
coins to hunted men were not sufficient for a conviction. There was only one method 
by which Edith Cavell could be convicted. That was from her own mouth.

In England when the meanest felon is arrested he is warned by the officer who reads 
the charge to him, that he need not make any statement unless he wishes, and that 
anything he says may be used in evidence against him. In Brussels, under German 
rule, Edith Cavell's judges deliberately set themselves to extort admissions by which 
to condemn her.

They refused her an advocate. They prevented communication with any soul who 
could give her counsel. They surrounded her arrest and imprisonment with secrecy 
lest any warning of her danger should reach her from outside. They contrived that she 
should be utterly alone.

To their astonishment they found their business easy. Miss Cavell gave them every 
help in her power. She had nothing to conceal, she said. She told them every incident 
which had a bearing on the charge. She supplied dates and details. Instead of the 
clumsy hearsay of the spies, her accusers had facts given them to build up a lengthy 
dossier. And when all was admitted it was nothing more than a series of acts of pity.

Those who think of this confession as a woman's weakness are in error. Edith Cavell 
was no ignorant girl. She well knew what she did. She would have been a better 
lawyer if she had refused to incriminate herself. She would have been a less noble 
woman. What she said she said to draw all the blame upon herself. Knowing well that 
death was the punishment, she did not shrink.



Chapter VIII

The False Friend

As Von Bissing had arrested Edith Cavell in secret, so he sought to judge her 
clandestinely. The trial took place before a court-martial on October 7th and 8th, with 
that of thirty-four other prisoners. Before this time Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American 
Minister, with his Secretary of Legation, Mr. Hugh Gibson, and his legal adviser, M. de 
Leval, a Belgian advocate, had stirred themselves actively on Miss Cavell's behalf. 
The story of how they were deliberately hoodwinked is one of the most ugly features 
of the case.

For ten days Baron Von der Lancken, the German Political Minister, sent no reply to 
Mr. Whitlock's appeal for information, and for authority to start the defence. Mr. 
Whitlock repeated his request on September 10th, but it was not until two days after 
this date that Baron Von der Lancken replied to the appeal. He set forth in this letter 
the only official statement ever made by the German authorities as to Miss Cavell's 
"crime." It is worth reading in his own words:

She has herself admitted that she concealed in her house French and English 
soldiers, as well as Belgians of military age, all desirous of proceeding to the front.

She has also admitted having furnished these soldiers with the money necessary for 
their journey to France, and having facilitated their departure from Belgium by 
providing them with guides, who enabled them to cross the Dutch frontier secretly.

Miss Cavell's defence is in the hands of the advocate Braun, who, I may add, is 
already in touch with the competent German authorities. In view of the fact that the 
Department of the Governor-General, as a matter of principle, does not allow accused 
persons to have any interviews whatever, I much regret my inability to procure for Mr. 
de Leval permission to visit Miss Cavell as long as she is in solitary confinement.

Mr. Braun was a lawyer at the Brussels Appeal Court. As soon as the American 
Legation received the intimation that he had been appointed as the lawyer, Mr. de 
Leval wrote, asking him to come to the Legation. Mr. Braun came as requested "a few 
days later."

The time was now drawing close when the trial was to come on. Three weeks had 
already been wasted since the American Embassy in London first took the matter up, 
and nearly seven weeks had gone by since the arrest. But when at last it appeared as 
though something was about to be done, another excuse was produced. Mr. Braun's 
news was that although he had been asked to defend Miss Cavell by personal friends 
of hers, he could not do so owing to unforeseen circumstances."

Mr. Braun stated that he had seen another Belgian lawyer, Mr. Kirschen, who had 
agreed to undertake the defence. Another delay, while Mr. de Leval got into touch with 
Mr. Kirschen. At last there was to be an opportunity to obtain some details of the 
accusation. What had Miss Cavell admitted? asked the American counsel. What were 
the documents upon which the charge was based? What estimate had the lawyer 
formed of the prospects of an acquittal?

To the astonishment of Mr. de Leval, the lawyer replied that under German military rules 
he was not allowed to see his client before the trial began. The prosecution had every 
opportunity of preparing its case. The judges were fully informed of every circumstance 
that might bias them against the prisoner. But the poor lonely woman in prison could not 
even see her counsel in private, and all the documents were withheld from his 
inspection.

In these circumstances Mr. de Leval decided that he would attend the trial himself. 
Unfortunately, he did not persist in this decision.

It is extremely doubtful, in view of what happened afterwards, if the authorities would 
have permitted the presence of a neutral spectator of the administration of German 
"justice." What induced Mr. de Leval to give way was the consideration of Miss 
Cavell's interests. Mr. Kirschen urged that the presence of an American at the trial 
would prejudice the prisoner's chances. The judges would feel they were under 
supervision, and would be likely to be more severe in consequence. Mr. Kirschen 
declared that there was not the least chance of a miscarriage of justice, and promised 
to inform Mr. de Leval of every development of the case.

We may judge of the value of his advocacy from the fact that he afterwards broke all 
these promises except one. He did tell Mr. de Leval when the trial was coming on. He 
never made any report of the progress of the trial, although it took two days. He never 
disclosed what the sentence was. He never informed the only powerful friends of his 
unhappy client that she was to be executed unless outside intervention came. And 
when Mr. de Leval tried to find him he had disappeared.



Chapter IX

Trial in Secret

The conspirators had thus succeeded in drawing an impenetrable veil across their 
wicked purposes.

Practically the only accounts of the trial are those printed in the German newspapers 
a fortnight after the execution. These tell us that the court-martial was held in the 
Court of the Brussels Senate-House. The judges are not named. The principal person 
accused (says the Hamburger Fremdenblatt, which in the true German way assesses 
titles higher than all personal characteristics) was Prince Reginald de Croy, of 
Belignies, but he had not been found. The Princess Maria, his wife, stood, however, in 
the dock with Edith Cavell beside her.

Miss Cavell was in the nurse's uniform in which she had been arrested. The white cap 
covering the back of the head and disclosing the neat dark waved hair beginning to go 
grey at the sides, was tied beneath the chin with a starched bow. The stiff collar 
surmounted the white apron. On the nurse's arm was the red cross of her merciful 
calling. Her clear eyes looked out on a group of enemies. Overfed officers, with thick 
necks and coarse eyes, faced her from the judge's bench. Soldiers with fixed 
bayonets stood between the prisoners.

Although she knew her danger, Nurse Cavell did not flinch before her accusers. There 
was nothing defiant in her look. It was too serene for anger. But the judges must have 
noted the weakness of the woman they were condemning. She was fragile almost to 
delicacy. Two months of prison had made her complexion ashy white. She looked 
about the court with curiosity, and even in this supreme hour had time for a 
compassionate smile for those who were sharing her peril.

The German papers give us an outline of the prosecution "case.": They allege that 
Miss Cavell and Prince Reginald de Croy were the two principals in a widespread 
espionage organisation. Aided by the French Countess of Belleville, they had assisted 
young Belgian, French, and British soldiers to escape from Belgium. The refugees 
were taken by different routes to Brussels, hidden in Miss Cavell's hospital or in a 
convent, and conducted by night in tramcars out of Brussels, and then by guides to 
loosely guarded points along the Dutch frontier.

When this statement was ended, Miss Cavell was asked to plead. In a low, gentle 
voice, contrasting with the harsh accents of her accusers, she replied that she 
believed she had served her country, and if that was wrong she was willing to take the 
blame. The lips of some of her fellow-prisoners quivered as they heard these brave 
words.

Fearlessly, and in quiet, firm tones, Miss Cavell went on to disclose facts which 
provided chapter and verse for her "crime." The questions were put in German, then 
translated by an interpreter into French, which Miss Cavell of course knew well. "She 
spoke without trembling and showed a clear mind," an eye-witness afterwards told Mr. 
de Leval. "Often she added some greater precision to her previous depositions."

The Military Prosecutor asked her why she had helped these soldiers to go to 
England. "If I had not done so they would have been shot," she answered. "I thought I 
was only doing my duty in saving their lives."

"That may be very true as regards English soldiers," responded the prosecutor, "Why 
did you help young Belgians to cross the frontier when they would have been perfectly 
safe in staying here? "

The answer to this question is not recorded. "In helping Belgians I help my own 
country" must have been the thought that rose to her lips.

Other prisoners were asked what they had to say, and among them, M. Philippe 
Bancq, a Belgian architect, made a memorable plea, fit to put beside Nurse Cavell's. . 
"I helped young Belgians to escape to join the army," he said. "As a good Belgian 
patriot I am ready to lay down my life for my country." Bancq has since been shot.

The prosecution asked for the death sentence to be passed upon Miss Cavell and 
eight other prisoners. But "the Judges did not seem to agree." Nurse Cavell's heroism 
appeared to have made some impression on her enemy's hearts.

Sentence was postponed. It seemed as though mercy might prevail.



Chapter X

Fighting for Life

Between the trial and the sentence some sinister influence intervened. It is a secret of 
the Germans what that influence was. But we cannot follow the incidents of the last 
day of Edith Cavells life without becoming aware that a design had been conceived in 
some brain to hurry on the last penalty before there was time for a reprieve.

Mr. de Leval had heard privately on the evening before (Sunday, October 10th) that 
the trial was over, and that the death sentence had been demanded. The trial had 
ended on Friday, but Mr. Kirschen, the lawyer, did not report to Mr. de Leval as he had 
promised. Neither on Saturday nor Sunday could Mr. Kirschen be found, and he 
disappears altogether from view after the trial. After fruitless inquiries on Sunday 
night, Mr. de Leval went to see Baron de Lancken, the German Political Minister. Late 
at night he succeeded in finding a subordinate, Mr. Conrad, but could obtain no 
information.

On the Monday morning Mr. de Leval again saw Conrad, who assured him that 
judgment would not be passed for a day or two, and that the American Legation would 
be informed as soon as this took place. No word came from Conrad all day, and none 
from Kirschen. The lawyer was "out till afternoon" Mr. de Leval was told when he 
called at the house.

On this crucial day Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minister, was ill in bed. But he 
was working hard to save Miss Cavell's life. With Mr. Hugh Gibson, Secretary of the 
Embassy, he prepared a letter to Baron Von der Lancken pointing out that Miss Cavell 
had spent her life in alleviating the sufferings of others, had bestowed her care as 
freely on the German soldiers as on others. "Her career as a servant of humanity," he 
wrote, "is such as to inspire every pity, to call for every pardon." And with his own 
hand the Minister wrote this touching appeal:

My dear Baron,/ am too ill to present my request to you in person, but I appeal to 
your generosity of heart to support it and save this unfortunate woman from death. 
Have pity on her!

Throughout the day the Legation made repeated inquiries of the German authorities to 
know if sentence had been passed. The last was at twenty minutes past six. Mr. 
Conrad then stated that sentence had not been pronounced, and renewed his promise 
to let the Legation know as soon as there was anything to tell.

At five o'clock that same afternoon the death sentence had been passed in secret. 
The execution was fixed for the same night.

Three hours later the American Legation learned privately of the deception. Mr. 
Gibson found the Spanish Ambassador, the Marquis de Villalobar, and went with him 
to Baron Von der Lancken's house. The Baron was "out" as the advocate had been in 
the morning. Neither was any member of his staff at home. An urgent message was 
sent after the Baron. He returned with two of his staff at a little after ten. The 
execution was to take place at two next morning.

Lancken at first refused to believe that the death sentence had been passed. Even if it 
had the execution would not be that night, and "nothing could be done until next 
morning." But the two diplomatists refused to be put off. They compelled the Baron to 
make inquiries, and when he was obliged reluctantly to admit the truth, they urged him 
to appeal to the Military Governor, Von Bissing.

At eleven o'clock Von der Lancken came back from seeing Von Bissing. He brought a 
refusal. The Governor-General had acted "after mature deliberation" and refused to 
listen to any plea of clemency. For an hour longer the two devoted Ministers pleaded for 
the woman's life. It was in vain. There was no appeal. "Even the Emperor could not 
intervene." Edith Cavell was doomed. At midnight her friends departed in despair.



Chapter XI

The Last Scene

The most beautiful moments in Edith Cavell's life were those which preceded her 
martyrdom. At eleven o'clock the British chaplain in Brussels, the Rev. H. S. T. Gahan, 
was admitted to the cell in which she had spent the past ten weeks.

He found her calm and resigned. She told him that she wished all her friends to know 
that she gave her life willingly for her country. And then she used these imperishable 
words:

/ have no fear nor shrinking. I have seen death so often that it is not strange or fearful 
to me.

I thank God for this ten weeks' quiet before the end. Life has always been hurried and 
full of difficulty. This time of rest has been a great mercy.

They have all been very kind to me here. But this I would say, standing as I do in view 
of God and eternity, I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or 
bitterness to anyone.

After this the chaplain administered the Holy Communion. The clergyman repeated 
the words of "Abide with me." She joined in at the words:

Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes; Shine through the gloom, and point me 
to the skies; Heaven's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee. In life, in death, 
O Lord, abide with me.

At two o'clock in the morning they led her out with bandaged eyes to the place of 
execution. The firing party stood ready with loaded rifles. At this last moment her 
physical strength was not a match for her heroic spirit. She fell in a swoon. The officer 
in charge of the soldiers stepped forward and shot her as she lay unconscious.

Before the day dawned her body was laid to rest in the land occupied by her enemies, 
whom with her last breath she forgave.



Chapter XII

Edith Cavell's Message

The circumstances of Edith Cavell's death became known in England on Trafalgar 
Day. The news reached the public through the newspapers the following morning. No 
one who was in London that day will ever forget the sense of horror that ran through 
the land. From early morning a dense crowd of people thronged round the only 
tangible symbol of her martyrdom, a wreath of laurels placed among those of the 
sailors who died for England. The armless Nelson looked down from his column upon 
the memorial of a weak woman who had borne witness to his immortal message. The 
seaman and officers who had died in the long-drawn-out Trafalgar, welcomed her, as 
it seemed, to their company. And in the mist and rain of a London October day the 
true spirit of England leaped again to life.

"This will settle the matter, once for all, about recruiting in Great Britain," said the 
Bishop of London. "There will be no need now of compulsion." All day men competed 
in their eagerness to join the Army. Continual recruiting meetings were held round the 
base of Nelson's monument. In Nurse Cavell's native village every eligible man joined 
the Forces next day. A tide of enthusiasm set in which has not yet waned.

Consternation and horror expressed themselves in every part of the world. The Staats 
Zeitung, the Germans' newspaper in New York which defended the sinking of the 
"Lusitania," disowned the crime. "This is savagery," said neutral Holland. "The killing 
of Miss Cavell will be more expensive than the loss of many regiments," said a great 
American journal. "The peace of the future would be incomplete and precarious,"wrote 
the Paris Figaro," if crimes like these escaped the justice of peoples." The King and 
Parliament gave voice to England's sentiment.

Yet the Germans were so little conscious of what they had done that they made the 
deed blacker by excuses. "We hope it will serve as a warning to the Belgians," wrote 
the Berlin official paper; the Vossische Zeitung. "I know of no law in the world which 
makes distinction between the sexes," said Herr Zimmermann, the Kaiser's Under-
Secretary for Foreign Affairs. And they filled the cup of their infamy by refusing to 
surrender Nurse Cavell's body to her friends.

It is fitting that there should be some personal memorial to this heroic life. One such, 
by the thoughtful initiative or Queen Alexandra, is to be provided in the shape of an 
Edith Cavell Nursing Home at the London Hospital where Miss Cavell was trained. 
The Nursing Mirror, for which she wrote her last article, urges the institution of a 
Cavell Cross for Heroism, a decoration for women only.

An Empire Day of Homage has been proposed. A great national memorial service has 
been held in St. Paul's Cathedral.

But the best memorial to Edith Cavell will be the determination of her fellow-citizens to 
put aside self in willing service to their country.



Appendix

Sir Edward Grey's Scathing Comment

Sir EDWARD GREY to the AMERICAN AMBASSADOR in London.

Foreign Office, October 20th, 1915.

The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs presents his compliments to the United States 
Ambassador, and has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of His Excellency's note of 
the 18th instant enclosing a copy of a despatch from the United States Minister at 
Brussels respecting the execution of Miss Edith Cavell at that place.

Sir E. Grey is confident that the news of the execution of this noble Englishwoman will 
be received with horror and disgust not only in the Allied States, but throughout the 
civilised world.

Miss Cavell was not even charged with espionage, and the fact that she had nursed 
numbers of wounded German soldiers might have been regarded as a complete reason 
in itself for treating her with leniency.

The attitude of the German authorities is, if possible, rendered worse by the 
discreditable efforts successfully made by the officials of the German Civil 
Administration at Brussels to conceal the fact that sentence had been passed and would 
be carried out immediately. These efforts were no doubt prompted by the determination 
to carry out the sentence before an appeal from the finding of the court-martial could be 
made to a higher authority, and show in the clearest manner that the German authorities 
concerned were well aware that the carrying out of the sentence was not warranted by 
any consideration.

Further comment on their proceedings would be superfluous.

In conclusion, Sir E. Grey would request Mr. Page to express to Mr. Whitlock and the 
staff of the United States Legation at Brussels the grateful thanks of His Majesty's 
Government for their untiring efforts on Miss Cavell's behalf. He is fully satisfied that no 
stone was left unturned to secure for Miss Cavell a fair trial, and when sentence had 
been pronounced a mitigation thereof.

Sir E. Grey realises that Mr. Whitlock was placed in a very embarrassing position by the 
failure of the German authorities to inform him that the sentence had been passed and 
would be carried out at once. In order, therefore, to forestall any unjust criticism which 
might be made in this country he is publishing Mr. Whitlock's despatch to Mr. Page 
without delay.



The German Official Defence

Statement by Herr Zimmermann, German Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs. It 
is indeed hard that a woman has to be executed, but think what a State is to come to 
which is at war if it allows to pass unnoticed a crime against the safety of its armies 
because it is committed by women. No law book in the world, least of all those dealing 
with war regulations, makes such a differentiation, and the female sex has but one 
preference according to legal usage, namely, that women in a delicate condition may 
not be executed. Otherwise a man and woman are equal before the law, and only the 
degree of guilt makes a difference in the sentence for a crime and its consequences.

In the Cavell case all the circumstances are so clear and convincing that no court-
martial in the world could have reached any other decision. For it concerns not the act of 
one single person, but rather a well-thought-out, world-wide conspiracy, which 
succeeded for nine months in rendering the most valuable service to the enemy, to the 
disadvantage of our army.



Severity the Only Way

Countless British, Belgian and French soldiers are now again fighting in the Allies' ranks 
who owe their escape from Belgium to the activity of the band now sentenced, at the 
head of which stood Miss Cavell.

With such a situation under the very eyes of the authorities only the utmost severity can 
bring relief, and a Government violates the most elementary duty towards its army that 
does not adopt the strictest measures. These duties in war are greater than any other.

All those convicted were fully cognisant of the significance of their actions. The court 
went into just this point with particular care, and acquitted several co-defendants 
because it believed a doubt existed regarding their knowledge of the penalties for their 
actions.

I admit, certainly, that the motive of those convicted was not unnoble, that they acted out 
of patriotism; but in war time one must be ready to seal one's love of Fatherland with 
one's blood.



To Frighten the Others

Once for all, the activity of our enemies has been stopped, and the sentence has been 
carried out to frighten those who might presume on their sex to take part in enterprises 
punishable with death. Should one recognise these presumptions it would open the door 
for the evil activities of women, who often are handier and cleverer in these things than 
the craftiest spy.

If the others are shown mercy it will be at the cost of our army, for it is to be feared that 
new attempts will be made to injure us if it is believed that escape without punishment is 
possible or with the risk of only a light sentence.

Only pity for the guilty can lead to a commutation. It will not be an admission that the 
executed sentence was too severe, for this, harsh as it may sound, was absolutely just, 
and could not appear otherwise to an independent judge.

It is asserted that the soldiers told off to carry out the execution refused at first to shoot, 
and finally fired so faultily that an officer had to kill the accused with his revolver.

No word of this is true. I have an official report of the execution, in which it is established 
that it took place entirely in accordance with the established regulations, and that death 
occurred immediately after the first volley, as the physician present attests.

